This study examines the impact of social and economic factors on community adherence to COVID-19 health protocols in Surabaya, Indonesia, through a supply chain management perspective. It applies the five-component supply chain model encompassing supply chain policies, governance structures, consumer attitudes, process efficiency, and the integration of culture/technology. The primary data is derived from a survey of 119 participants, supplemented by secondary data on national health protocols and local COVID-19 cases. The analysis reveals critical gaps in compliance with health protocols, particularly regarding mask usage, social distancing, and avoiding crowded spaces. Specifically, only 17.6% of religious adherents follow these protocols, while 82.3% do not. In traditional markets, compliance stands at 19.2%, while 80.8% of participants ignore the guidelines. Among the youth, only 12.4% adhere to the protocols, with 87.6% disregarding them. The study highlights the need to improve the supply chain of public health interventions, from awareness campaigns (demand generation) to efficient delivery systems (process optimization) and monitoring mechanisms (evaluation and feedback loops). Emphasizing a supply chain approach, the findings suggest that strengthening the upstream (policy and governance), midstream (public behavior and attitudes), and downstream (cultural and technological adaptations) components can enhance compliance rates and reduce COVID-19 transmission. The study concludes with actionable recommendations, such as increasing public health awareness, strengthening governance frameworks, targeting interventions for vulnerable groups, and fostering multi-stakeholder partnerships to create a resilient health compliance supply chain in Surabaya, Indonesia.

In construction projects, contractors have prioritized risks due to abandonment of operations and events, interruptions, time, and cost overruns. Construction hazards are linked to the ambiguity and unpredictability of the timely delivery of a project, with standard quality and within an allowable budget. The bid process is heavily reliant on economic considerations which include the exchange market, rate of interest and cost inflation for equipment and workforce. Project failure takes place if economic considerations have not complied for effective management of risks in construction. The research framework is founded on Organization Control Theory and focused on the PLS-SEM approach which addresses the effect of economic factors with moderating government regulatory procedures on the management of risks in construction within 303 large (higher than 250 workers) Saudi Arabian contractors. In the PLS-SEM approach, complicated models are effectively analyzed with higher statistical power. The findings show that economic factors and government regulatory procedures have a favorable impact on the management of risks in the Saudi Arabian development industry. Additionally, moderating government regulatory procedures has a favorable correlation to the management of risks in the Saudi Arabian construction sector. By addressing economic considerations, this study enables practitioners, experts and stakeholders involved in construction industries to conduct effective management of risks in the construction sector.

This paper examines the impact of economic and financial factors on tax revenue of Bahrain and Oman from 1990 to 2010. For this purpose, panel regression analysis is performed by considering economic and financial factors including growth domestic product (GDP), Deposit Interest Rate, Lending Interest Rate, Interest Rate Spread, Real Interest Rate, Bank Capital to Asset Ratio, Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans, Risk premium on lending, Foreign direct investment net inflow and Cash surplus deficit. A conceptual model is developed for this purpose and the key findings are explained. The outcomes of the study explain that there was a significant relationship between Tax revenue and both economic and financial factors i.e. GDP growth, Bank capital to asset ratio, the Risk premium on lending, Foreign direct investment net inflow and Cash surplus/deficit over the period of study. The findings of the study are very much useful for the policymakers to consider which factors are affecting the tax revenues and in which direction. However, the findings of the study can be more meaningful with the addition of more economic and financial factors as well. Besides, the consideration of other Asian states will provide more evidence for the generalization of the findings. Meanwhile, this study will be a policy note on on-going tax reforms in selected Middle East countries and will be helpful for policymakers and researchers in conceptualizing the tax revenue model for them.