Our research used a SVAR to analyze the underlying copper price shocks, that is, a commodity shock for the Junín department in Peru. The results of a short- and long-run SVAR were based on traditional matrix constraints that capture the fact that domestic shocks do not affect international prices. The main conclusion is that before the pandemic a shock in the international price of copper decreases economic growth and inflation in the department of Junín in Peru, after the pandemic the opposite happens. As a result of the model, the short and long-run effects of the international copper price on the main macroeconomic variables of Junín in Peru are statistically significant. Before the pandemic, the dynamics of the international copper price reflected the existence of the curse of mining resources in copper institutions. Before the pandemic, a percentage increase in the international price of copper decreased economic growth, reflecting the existence of the mining resource curse in copper institutions. After the pandemic, a percentage increase in the price of copper increases economic growth by up to 0.0488%, then decreases over time, noting the transitory effect of economic recovery and poor management of mineral resources.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of public debt sustainability on economic growth in the period 2000-2021 and establish a new optimal debt level that does not affect Peru's economic growth. The general method used to determine this effect was the hypothetical deductive method with a non-experimental and longitudinal trend design, because the data to be analyzed are variations that have occurred over time; the VAR (vector autoregressive) model was used as a specific method, because the evidence was insufficient to consider the simultaneity between the reactions of the variables to propose an SVAR model. Data were collected from economic portals such as the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF), as well as the Central Reserve Bank of Peru (BCRP). The estimated sample size was 88 observations representing all quarters from 2000 to 2021. As a result of the econometric regression, the impact of the level of public debt on economic growth is positive, since a one-unit increase in the percentage of public debt will increase the variation of GDP by almost 1.1%. Regarding the debt level forecast and according to the projection made, it was determined that the new debt level that does not affect the sustainability of public finances or the long-term economic growth of the Peruvian economy should be 38% of GDP.

There are many studies on how to share women’s involvement in economic activities and what sectors of industries could contribute more to their job involvement. This paper presents an empirical investigation to learn how economic growth in service industry, agricultural industry as well as other industries could contribute on economic growth. The study uses vector error correction to study the relationship between value added and women’s job opportunities in Iran over the period 1951-2003. In industrial sector, the results of the survey indicate that an increase of one percent on growth domestic product (GDP) and wage increases 4.47% and reduces 1.95 % of women’s employment, respectively. In addition, an increase of one percent on GDP and wage increases 0.24% and reduces 0.25 % of women’s employment in service industry, respectively. Finally, an increase of one percent in GDP increases wage by 4.47% and reduces women’s employment by 1.95%, respectively.

Knowledge sharing plays an important role on helping organizations reach their goals, it facilitates distribution of overall awareness among workers and create better environment for adding more value. There are different factors influencing knowledge sharing and organizational commitment is believed one of the most important items. In this paper, we present an empirical study in one of privately held universities located in city of Bojnourd, Iran. The proposed study selects a sample size 145 out of 236 people from both regular employees and university professors and we have used different tests such as Pearson correlation test to analyze the results. The proposed model of the paper has confirmed that there is a positive and meaningful relationship between these two components when the level of significance is set to five percent. The results of this survey also reveals that while ethical commitment and normative play important role on knowledge sharing, continuity has no significant impact on knowledge sharing within organization. The other observation is that while gender and age has no impact on knowledge sharing, higher educational background is an important factor on knowledge sharing.

In this paper, we study the effect of different influencing factors on profitability of banking system in Iran for a panel data from 2001 to 2010. The sample of banking system includes ten different banks and two different types of internal and external variables are considered. Internal factors include ownership ratio, ratio of bank customers & apos; deposit to banks & apos; assets, ratio of total loans given to all assets, ratio of total interest free loans on total assets, ratio of interest free revenues on total revenue. External factors include economic growth, actual rate of interest and inflation rate. The proposed model of this paper uses econometrics method to investigate the proposed model and the preliminary results indicate that ownership ratio, ratio of total equity on total assets, along with inflation rate have negative impact on profitability. In addition, the ratio of customers & apos; deposit on total assets, the ratio of total loans on total assets and economic growth have positive impact on profitability.

This study employs the generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroskedastic in the mean (GARCH-M) methodology to investigate the return generating process of Jordan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Kuwait, and Morocco stock market indices. The tradeoff between returns and the conditional variance is found to be positive in all markets. In other words, the empirical findings show that investors are rewarded for their exposure to more risk in these financial markets. This result is consistent with both financial theory and empirical finance.

In this paper, we present two regression functions to estimate gold coin futures price based on gold coin price, foreign exchange rate, price of gold traded globally and trend of time. The proposed model of this paper is used for price estimation of gold coin futures in Iran mercantile exchange (IME).
The proposed model of this paper is applied for historical data of future gold prices and the results are discussed. The preliminary results indicate that an increase on gold coin price could increase gold coin futures price. An increase on foreign exchange price has negative impact on gold coin futures and time horizon has positive impact on gold coin futures on IME.