Auditing plays an important role on having transparent financial statements especially in general organizations such as municipality, etc. A good implementation of auditing system helps reduce any possible fraud and increase the efficiencies of organizations. In this paper, we present an empirical survey to discuss barriers confronting auditing system. The proposed model designs and distributes a questionnaire between two groups of auditors and municipality managers. Cronbach alpha and KMO tests are used to verify the overall qualification of the survey and they are well above the minimum desirable level. The survey tests ten hypotheses including the effects of lack of standards and criteria, lack of experts, lack of awareness on advantages of auditing system, existence of conflicts in laws and regulation, etc. The results of t-test survey confirm all ten hypotheses and the implementation of Freedman test indicate that auditors have blamed using traditional methods as the most important barriers in using auditing techniques while managers believed lack of sufficient laws and regulations was the most important factors obstacle for using auditing system.

There are many cases, where we may wish to choose a good accounting system and would like to learn how they work and the advantages and disadvantages of each so we can choose the better one for a business. In this paper, we present an empirical survey to understand whether we can choose accrual or cash accounting system. The proposed study designs a questionnaire among 220 experts in area of accounting affairs. The survey considers four sub hypotheses and one main hypothesis to see whether there are reliable rules and regulations in accrual-based accounting compared with cash accounting or not. Similarly, the survey investigates whether accrual-based accounting is more informative, comprehensive and provides better comparative results compared with cash accounting. The results indicate that accrual-based account performs better in terms of all mentioned criteria and it is a better method for managing accounting affairs compared with cash accounting systems.

Stock market plays an important role on demonstrating economy direction and it provides good opportunities for people who wish to purchase a small portion of different firms & apos; shares. In this paper, we propose an empirical study to measure the impact of the market size and the ratio of book value on market value on excessive return. The study gathers the necessary information from some of active stock shares traded on Tehran Stock Exchange over the period of 2010-2011. The proposed model of this paper uses linear regression analysis to investigate the relationship between the excessive return and other factors. The study divides the information into seven equal groups and fits the regression model using ordinary least square technique. The results indicate that there is a negative relationship between size and excessive return and a positive relationship between the ratio of BV/MV and excessive return. Although the results of both tests are positive, we have to be more cautious about what have reported on the second hypothesis.